چهارشنبه

كيث رابرت مردوخ Keith Rupert Murdoch

فارس: "رابرت مردوخ " مردوخ يكي از يهوديان صهيونيست است كه با راه انداختن امپراطوري رسانه‌اي خود نقش پررنگي را در سياست‌هاي پشت صحنه انگليس و آمريكا بازي كند و اهرم توانمند لابي صهيونيستم در اين كشورها به شمار مي‌رود.

در پي رسوايي سال گذشته در انگليس پيرامون شنود مكالمات تلفني و الكترونيكي شهروندان انگليسي توسط رسانه‌هاي تحت مالكيت رابرت مردوخ، سرمايه دار صهيونيست كه با دستور وي انجام مي‌گرفت نگاهي داريم به زندگي و فعاليت‌هاي اين صهيونيست كهنه‌كار كه در دنيا به "امپراطور رسانه‌اي يهود " اشتهار دارد و حتي در ايالات متحده آمريكا به علت سيطره بي چون و چرايش بر رسانه هاي گروهي از وي به عنوان "سلطان بي تاج و تخت آمريكا " ياد مي‌شود:

*مقدمه:

با گسترش انقلاب ارتباطات، قدرت وسايل ارتباطي جامعه مانند رسانه‌ها افزايش بيشتري يافته است. صهيونيست‌ها كه همواره هدف نفوذ در مراكز قدرت در جهان را تعقيب مي‌كنند، به خوبي از قدرت موجود در اين عرصه آگاهي داشته و با حاكميت بر رسانه‌هاي گوناگون، به يك قدرت مؤثر در اين حوزه تبديل شده‌اند.

"رابرت مردوخ " يكي از يهوديان صهيونيست است كه كار خود را با مالكيت يك روزنامه كوچك در "ملبورن " استراليا شروع كرد اما پس از مدت كوتاهي توانست يك امپراطوري رسانه‌اي را پايه‌گذاري كند.
"مردوخ " با خريد روزنامه‌هاي ورشكسته و كوچك و با استفاده از روش‌هاي گوناگون به مديريت آنها پرداخته و آنها را به سوددهي مي‌رساند. او ابتدا به دنياي رسانه‌اي انگليس وارد شد و توانست جايگاه مهمي در بين شبكه رسانه‌اي انگليس كسب كند. اشتياق سيري‌ناپذير "مردوخ " وي را به سمت آمريكا كشاند و وي با كسب تابعيت آمريكايي توانست به گسترش دامنه امپراطوري خود نه تنها در آمريكا بلكه در سراسر دنيا بپردازد. به دليل اهميت رسانه‌هاي تحت سلطه او و نقش و شبكه گسترده رسانه‌‌ايش در شكل‌دهي به افكار عمومي در جهت حمايت از صهيونيسم، در اين نوشتار به بررسي زندگي، فعاليت‌ها و رسانه‌هاي تحت سلطه وي مي‌پردازيم.

**زندگينامه:

"كيث رابرت مردوخ " در 11 مارس 1931 در "ملبورن " استراليا به دنيا آمد. پدر "مردوخ " يك روزنامه‌نگار كهنه‌‌كار بود كه كار خود را به عنوان يك خبرنگار بخش سياسي براي روزنامه "عصر ملبورن " استراليا شروع كرده بود.

"مردوخ " پدر در تأسيس انجمن روزنامه‌نگاران استراليا همكاري كرده و در سال 1933 سردبير روزنامه‌ "سيدني مورنينگ هرالد (Sydney Morning Herald) و بعدها مدير گره روزنامه‌اي هرالد اندويكلي تايمز (Herald & Weekly Tims) استراليا شد.

پدر مردوخ در سال 1928 در سن 40 سالگي با "اليزابت گرين " ازدواج كرده بود و علاوه بر رابرت داراي 3 فرزند دختر ديگر نيز بود.

رابرت از همان اوايل كودكي در يك محيط آشنا با فنون روزنامه‌نگاري رشد كرد و خود نيز به اين كار علاقه مند شد. او در سال 1941 در سن 10 سالگي با اصرار مادر به مدرسه "گيلانگ گرامر " فرستاده شد ولي از تحصيل در اين مدرسه راضي نبود.

وي در سال 1947 تحصيلات خود را در اين مدرسه به پايان رساند و پس از يك سال بيكاري، وارد حرفه روزنامه‌نگاري شد و در يك مجله مدرسه‌اي به نام "ايف " و پس از آن در مجلات مدرسه‌اي ديگري نيز فعاليت كرد.

"مردوخ " پس از آن براي ادامه تحصيل به انگليس رفت و در دانشگاه آكسفورد مشغول تحصيل شد و از 1950 تا 1952 نيز با روزنامه "ديلي اكسپرس " (Daily Express) انگليس همكاري كرد.

پدر رابرت در سال 1949 از مقام سردبيري گروه "هرالد " بازنشسته شد اما همچنان به همكاري خود با گروه ادامه داد. وي از بيماري نارسايي قلبي رنج مي‌برد و بالاخره در اكتبر سال 1952 در ملبورن درگذشت.

رابرت مردوخ پس از مرگ پدرش بلافاصله به استراليا بازگشت و توقع داشت كه ثروت كلاني از پدرش به او برسد اما بر خلاف انتظار، ثروت بسيار اندكي از يك روزنامه به نام "آولايد نيوز " را تصاحب كرد.

مردوخ 22 ساله بلافاصله با يك حرص و ولع پرشور نسبت به روزنامه و به محض افزايش تيراژ، اقدام به خريد روزنامه‌هاي كوچك و در سال 1954 امتياز "آدلايد نيوز " را خريداري كرد.

"مردوخ " تاكنون 3 بار ازدواج كرده است. او براي اولين‌بار با "پاتريشيا بوكر " در سال 1956 ازدواج كرد و از او داراي يك فرزند دختر شد اما اين ازدواج ديري نپاييد و در سال 1960 به طلاق كشيده شد.
او طي چند سال روزنامه "ديلي ميل " (Daliy Mail) سيدني را خريد و در سال 1964 اولين روزنامه ملي استراليا يعني "The Australian " را به آن ملحق كرد.

وي يك‌بار ديگر در سال 1967 با "آناماريا تورف " ازدواج كرد و از او داراي يك دختر و 2 پسر شد و در نهايت در سال 1999 نيز طلاق گرفتند.

رابرت در سالهاي دهه 1950 ديدارهاي منظمي از آمريكا داشت. او با آگاهي و ديد ويژه‌اي نسبت به آمريكا بزرگ شده بود و زماني كه در آكسفورد تحصيل مي‌كرد با پيچيدگي‌هاي "جنگ سرد " دست‌وپنجه نرم كرد و اذعان مي‌كرد كه زمان آن رسيده كه موقعيت آمريكا را به عنوان يك قدرت فائقه جهاني به رسميت بشناسيم. او به زودي دلباخته آمريكا به ويژه شهر "نيويورك " شد.

"مردوخ " در سال 1960 به "كوبا " سفر كرد و تحت تأثير "فيدل كاسترو " مقاله‌اي نوشت كه بحث اصلي‌اش اين بود كه آمريكا بايد دست از مخالفت خود با كوبا بردارد و اينكه آينده "آمريكاي لاتين " در خطر است.

او در اوايل دهه 1970 دامنه كارهاي مطبوعاتي خود را به سمت آمريكا كشاند و سهام زيادي از چندين روزنامه‌ آمريكايي را خريداري كرد و در اوايل 1980 بود كه تصميم گرفت به حضور خود در آمريكا ثبات بيشتري ببخشد. به همين دليل در سال 1985 تابعيت آمريكايي كسب كرد.

او زماني با "مارگارت تاچر " روابط خوبي داشت و مي‌خواست در كنار "رونالد ريگان " در واشنگتن باشد، لذا روابط خود با كاخ سفيد را مستحكم‌تر كرد. مردوخ حتي در ضيافت شام ريگان شركت كرد و بعد از آن نيز روابط دوستانه‌اي با "ريچارد نيكسون " برقرار كرد.

"مردوخ " در زندگي خانوادگي هميشه دچار مشكلاتي بود و همين مشكلات بود كه به جدايي او از همسرش در سال 1999 انجاميد اما طلاق "تورف " به يكي از پرسروصداترين طلاق‌ها تبديل شد زيرا او بيشترين مقدار دارايي و اموال به ميزان 1.7 ميليارد دلار به صورت املاك و 110 ميليون دلار پول نقد را از طلاق خود به دست آورد.

مردوخ هوسران دو هفته بعد از اين ماجرا در سن 69 سالگي با سومين همسر خود يعني "وندي دنگ " 31 ساله ازدواج كرد كه از وي داراي دو فرزند دختر است. هم‌اكنون رابرت مردوخ با داشتن يك امپراطوري رسانه‌‌اي و رياست چندين رسانه معتبر و مشهور جهان در نيويورك آمريكا زندگي مي‌كند.

با توجه به فعاليت‌هاي شديد كاري، مردوخ در زمينه علمي زياد فعال نبوده است. او بااكراه مراحل اوليه تحصيل در استراليا را به پايان رساند و سپس با اصرار پدر و مادر به انگليس رفت تا ادامه تحصيل دهد. او ابتدا در سال 1952 با مدرك كارشناسي در رشته هنر از دانشگاه آكسفورد - دانشكده وورستر - فارغ‌التحصيل شد.

رابرت حتي از زماني كه به تحصيل مشغول بود دست از فعاليت‌هاي كاري و روزنامه‌نگاري نكشيد و با تمام مشغله كاري، او توانست مدرك كارشناسي ارشد خود را از همان دانشگاه در رشته هنر در سالهاي بعد دريافت كند. پس از آن مردوخ صرفاً به كارهاي اجرايي و مديريتي رسانه‌هاي گوناگون پرداخت و تحصيلات خود را ادامه نداد.

**ريشه‌‌هاي صهيونيستي (يهودي) مردوخ:

"ريگ وارن " روحاني مسيحي در اين‌باره مي‌گويد: "رابرت " يك مسيحي متولد شده و من پيشواي روحاني او محسوب مي‌شوم ".
خود رابرت مردوخ درباره مذهبش مي‌گويد: روزنامه‌ها درباره تولد دوباره من به عنوان يك مسيحي و كاتوليك چيزهايي مي‌نويسند. واقعيت اين است كه من مانند يك مسيحي عبادت مي‌كنم و گاهي به كليساي كاتوليك مي‌روم زيرا همسرم يك كاتوليك است، اما من به طور رسمي تغيير مذهب نداده‌ام و يك فرزند مذهبي شديد نيستيم.

نه خود رابرت مردوخ از يهودي بودنش چيزي مي‌گويد و نه رسانه‌هاي تحت سلطه‌ او، اما آنچه واضح است نام رابرت از نام يهودي پدر بزرگ مادري او برگرفته شده و مردوخ هميشه سعي كرده اين واقعيت كه مادر مذهبي او، وي را به صورت يك يهودي بزرگ كرده است، پنهان كند.

پنهان‌كاري مردوخ در حالي صورت مي‌‌گيرد كه وي آشكارا از شاخه صهيونيست "راست افراطي " صهيونيستي و افرادي مانند "بنيامين نتانياهو " و "آريل شارون " حمايت مي‌‌كند.

چنانچه "جرج پاتاكي " فرماندار سابق نيويورك مي‌گويد: هيچ روزنامه‌اي در آمريكا به اندازه "نيويورك پست " تحت سلطه مردوخ از "اسرائيل " حمايت نمي‌كند.

علاوه بر اين، رابطه تنگاتنگ مردوخ با سازمانهاي صهيونيستي مانند "انجمن ضدافترا "، "موزه ميراث يهودي " در واشنگتن و غيره دليل بر اين مدعاست، لذا صراحتاً بايد گفت كه مردوخ علاوه بر يهودي بودن يك صهيونيست تندرو است.

رابرت مردوخ مانند ساير يهوديان منتقد در مراكز رسمي و غير رسمي قدرت، از فاش كردن هويت يهودي خود امتناع كرده و حتي خود را يك "مسيحي ارتدوكس " معرفي مي‌كند.

با توجه به شواهدي مانند يهودي بودن مادر و پدر بزرگ مادري مردوخ و اينكه مادر وي سعي زيادي داشته تا به فرزند خود تعاليم يهودي بياموزد و همچنين طرفداري مردوخ از اسرائيل و جناح راست صهيونيستي، شكي در ريشه يهودي بودن او باقي نمي‌ماند.

در اين صورت، مي‌توان چنين نتيجه‌گيري كرد كه با اينكه مردوخ همچنان در دين يهودي باقي مانده ولي به ظاهر به خاطر منفعت‌طلبي‌هاي فردي، اداي يك مسيحي ارتدوكس را درمي‌آورد و براي جلب‌نظر اكثريت مسيحي آمريكا مجبور مي‌شود كه گاه‌گاهي به كلسيا برود و دعاي مسيحي بخواند و در رسانه‌ها و مجامع عمومي خود را يك مسيحي معرفي كند و يا اينكه خود وي اذعان مي‌‌دارد اصولاً يك فرد مذهبي و در قيدوبند مذهب نسبت و به راحتي توانسته است از مذهب يهوديت خود دست بكشد و به مسيحيت تغيير آيين داده باشد.

در صورت درست بودن هر كدام از گزينه‌هاي بالا ما چيزي از ريشه صيهونيست بودن رابرت مردوخ كاسته نمي‌شود و او در واقع به عنوان يك يهيودي صهيونيست شناخته مي‌شود.

**فعاليت‌ها:

هيچ دوراني از زندگي مردوخ را نمي‌توان ذكر كرد كه با فعاليتها و كشمكش‌هاي كاري سپري نشده باشد. پدر مردوخ يك روزنامه‌نگار بود و از همان دوران كودكي وي را با چنين فضايي آشنا مي‌كرد و رابرت نيز از عظمت و سرخوشي شخصي كه توسط ژورناليسم در روحيات پدرش راه يافته بود آگاهي داشت و هميشه همراه پدرش به دفتر روزنامه "هرالد " در "فلايند رزاستريت " مي‌رفت.

رابرت جوان از بوي تند جوهر، صداي مهيب دستگاه‌هاي چاپ و فضاي سنگنين محل كار پدرش اين‌گونه مي‌گفت: "زندگي يك ناشر بهترين نوع زندگي در سراسر جهان است. وقتي بچه‌ها در معرض آن قرار بگيرند، بدون شك قادر نخواهد بود در مقابل جذابيت‌هاي آن مقاومت كنند. "

اما رابرت مردوخ از بدو ورود به حرفه روزنامه‌نگاري، نظرات خاص خودش را داشت، او در اين‌باره مي گويد: اگر شما مي‌خواهيد دستي در دنياي نشر و ارتباطات داشته باشيد بايد فقط آدم خودتان باشيد و متكي به هيچ‌كس ديگر نباشيد و اجازه ندهيد كه عمل بر اساس روابط دوستانه، شما را وامدار ديگران كند و اين طرز فكر، اساس زندگي مرا تشكيل مي‌دهد. "

اولين فعاليتهاي مردوخ جوان از سال 1947 پس از پايان تحصيل در مدرسه "گيلانگ گرامر " در يك مجله مدرسه‌اي به نام "ايف " بود و رابرت آن را به نام "ايف رويوارد " منتشر كرد و پس از چندي موفق شد كه نام خود را در مجله مدرسه‌اي "كوريان " درج كند.

مردوخ اولين كار جدي خود در حرفه روزنامه‌نگاري را در حين تحصيل در "دانشگاه آكسفورد " و در روزنامه "ديلي اكسپرس " در شهر لندن از سال 1950 شروع كرد اما به علت مرگ پدرش در سال 1952 بلافاصله به "ملبورن " استراليا بازگشت و در همان سال بخشي از روزنامه "آدلايد نيوز " به عنوان ارث پدرش به وي رسيد و در سال 1954 مالك آن شد.

او روزنامه "سيدني قبل " را هم خريداري كرد و پس از ندك زماني توانست اين 2 روزنامه كوچك را به سوددهي برساند.

مردوخ كه در فكر بنا نهادن يك امپراطوري رسانه‌اي بود در سال 1958 اقدام به سرمايه‌‌گذاري اندكي در روزنامه‌ "ساندي تايمز " كرد. در سال 1960 نيز "NSW " (يك روزنامه حومه شهري با 24 صفحه) و همچنين "ديلي ميرور " (Daily Miror) در سيدني و "Truth " در "ملبورن " را خريد. رابرت 2 سال بعد، 25 درصد سهام ايستگاه شبكه 9 استراليا در سيدني و ملبورن و ايستگاه تلويزيوني "Wollangong " را خريداري كرد.

جاه طلبي‌هاي مردوخ تا آنجا پيش رفت كه وي در سال 1964 اولين روزنامه‌ ملي استراليا به نام "Tne Australian " را تأسيس و منتشر كرد و طي مدت كوتاهي روزنامه‌هاي مردوخ، استراليا را تحت سلطه خود گرفتند و او به فكر افتاد كه از رسانه‌هاي خود براي تأثيرگذاري بر جريانات سياسي استفاده كند. زيرا روزنامه "The Austra Lian " يك روزنامه با كيفيت بسيار بالا و براي "نخبگان " بود و مردوخ را به يكي از صاحبان اصلي قدرت در استراليا تبديل كرد. در همين حال، وي شروع به گسترش امپراطوري خود در سطح بين‌المللي كرد و نگاه از به انگليس معطوف شد.

مردوخ ابتدا 24 درصد شركت انتشاراتي "ويلينگتون " (Wellington) " كه بعدها به بزرگترين شركت رسانه‌اي "زلاندنو " تبديل شد، را خريد و در نهايت سهم خود را به 49 درصد رساند.

*فعاليت پر رنگ مردوخ در انگليس

نگاه مردوخ به لندن باعث شد كه وي به اين فكر بيافتد كه به برترين قدرت انتشاراتي انگليس تبديل شود و به خاطر همين هدف اقدام به خريد روزنامه‌هاي (News of the World)، "سان " (The Sun)، "تايمز " (The time) و "ساندي تايمز " (Sundy times) كرد تا جايي كه در ميانه‌هاي دهه 1980 موفق شد اولين طراح انتشار روزنامه به صورت تمام رايانه‌اي در دنيا را در شرق لندن اجرا كند.

مردوخ براي مديريت رسانه‌هاي خود از تمام ضربه‌‌ها استفاده مي‌كرد. او در مدت كوتاهي توانست روزنامه "سان " را به يك تابلو جنجالي تبديل كند. بدين وسيله كه به طور مرتب "صفحه سوم " روزنامه را به عكسهايي از زنان زيبا اختصاص مي‌داد كه اين كار باعث قطعي شدن شهرت مردوخ به عنوان يك صاحب‌رسانه شد.

در سال 1970 در تلويزيون هفتگي لندن سرمايه‌گذاري اندكي كرد و در سال 1972، 2 روزنامه در شهر سيدني به نامهاي "ديلي تلگراف " (Daily Telegraph) و "ساندي تلگراف " (Sunday Telegraph) و 46 درصد از شبكه 10 تلويزيون سيدني را خريد.

*فعاليت مردوخ در آمريكا
مردوخ علاوه بر مالكيت چندين رسانه‌ در استراليا و انگليس به دنبال جاي پايي در بازار رسانه‌‌اي آمريكا بود و كار خود را با خريد روزنامه "سان آنتونيو نيوز " (SanAntonio News) در سال 1973 شروع كرد.

مردوخ با اشتهاي سيري‌ناپذيري اقدام به تأسيس "نشنال استار " (National Star) كرد و روزنامه "نيويورك پست " (New york Post) آمريكا را به ملبغ 30 ميليون دلار خريد و براي خريد مجله‌هاي "Newyork و Village Voice و New west " حاضر شد مبلغ 26 ميليون دلار بپردازد و ميليونها دلار صرف خريد چندين نشريه ديگر كرد.

در اوايل دهه 1980 مردوخ متوجه قدرت و گستردگي رسانه‌هاي صوتي و تصويري شد و در سال 1980 با بنيانگذاري شركت رسانه‌اي "نيوز كورپروشين " (News Corporation) قدم به اين حوزه رسانه‌اي گذاشت.

البته مردوخ قبلاً در چندين شبكه تلويزيوني سرمايه‌گذاري‌هايي كرده بود اما با تأسيس اين شركت جديد بود كه توانست به روياي امپراطوري رسانه‌اي خود عينيت بخشد، با اين حال هيچ‌گاه از دنياي انتشارات فاصله نگرفت و در سالهاي 1981 تا 1983 چندين نشريه ديگر از قبيل "هرالد امريكن " (Herald American) را با يك ميليون دلار و "سان - تايمز " (Sun - Times) شيكاگو را به مبلغ 90 ميليون دلار خريد. وي در سال 1985 با خريد 7 ايستگاه تبعه‌هاي خارجي بر رسانه‌هاي آمريكا، تابعيت آمريكايي كسب كرد تا آزادي عمل بيشتري داشته باشد و براي گسترش امپراطوري نوپاي خود هيچ مانعي بر سر راه خود ببيند.

مهم‌ترين اقدام مردوخ راه‌اندازي شبكه تلويزيوني "فاكس‌ " (Fox) در آمريكا بود. او در طول دهه 1980 مرتبا اقدام به خريد شبكه‌هاي تلويزيوني متعدد مي‌كرد.
در اوايل دهه 1990 اقدام به توسعه امپراطوري رسانه‌اي خود در انگليس و آسيا نمود و چندين شبكه ماهواره‌اي را خريد يا تأسيس كرد.

مردوخ مبلغ 225 ميليون دلار براي خريد 63 درصد از "استارتي وي " (Srar.TV) و يك ميليارد دلار براي حق پخش فوتبال از شبكه "Fox " پرداخت كرد و همزمان خدمات "اينترنت دلفي " (Del Phi) را در سال 1993 صاحب شد.

او براي اينكه بتواند تمام نقاط دنيا را زير چتر امپراطوري خود بگيرد در نيمه اول دهه 1990 به ايران هم سفر كرد كه با سروصداي خبري بسياري هم همراه بود و منجر به اين شد كه علي‌رغم پيش‌بيني او و دعوت‌كنندگانش،‌هيچ قراردادي براي خريد يا ساخت مراكز رسانه‌اي بين آنها منعقد نشد.

در طول مدت كوتاهي "نيوز كورپورشين " به يكي از سودآورترين شركت‌هاي جهاني تبديل شد به طوري كه تنها در سال 2002 مجموع درآمدهاي آن به 17 ميليارد دلار رسيد. مردوخ در طول سال‌هاي 2000 تاكنون بارها اقدام به خريد و فروش چندين رسانه معتبر دنيا اعم از شبكه‌هاي تلويزيوني، ماهواره‌اي و كابلي، روزنامه، مجله، شبكه‌هاي راديويي و اينترنتي و ... كرده است.

*فعاليت مردوخ در اسرائيل
مردوخ در سال 2006 اقدام به خريد 9 درصد از كانال 10 رژيم صهيونيستي كرد و در سال 2007 خريد جنجالي شركت "داو جونز " (Dow Jonse) را انجام داد. مردوخ 76 ساله با پرداخت 5 ميليارد دلار شركت رسانه‌اي "داو جونز " و تمامي متعلقات آن را به شبكه گسترده رسانه‌اي خود اضافه كرد. وي براي خريد اين شركت، 3 ماه با خانواده "بن كرافت " (مديران داو جونز) كه 36 درصد سهام "داو جونز " را در اختيار داشتند، در حال مذاكره بود. داو جونز كه رقيب گروه رسانه‌اي "رويترز " است، صاحب چندين هفته‌نامه و وب‌سايت اقتصادي است. مردوخ درباره خريد "داو جونز " مي‌گويد: "روزنامه اين شركت پرتيراژترين روزنامه آمريكا و يكي از پرتيراژترين‌ها در دنيا است و ما مي‌توانيم دامنه آن را گسترش دهيم. "

براساس طبقه‌بندي نشريه "فوربس " (Forbes) از 400 آمريكايي پولدار در سال 2006، رابرت مردوخ در رده 32 قرار داشت.

مردوخ براي راضي نگه‌داشتن تمام طرفهاي درگير در سياست و جامعه آمريكا بارها اقدام به پرداخت كمك‌هاي نقدي به افراد و نهادهاي زيادي كرده است. وي در سال 1999 با اهداي 10 ميليون دلار پول نقد براي ساختن يك كليساي جامع كاتوليك "در لس‌آنجلس "، خود را به عنوان يك مسيحي كاتوليك به مردم آمريكا معرفي كرد.

**رسانه‌هاي تحت سلطه مردوخ

دارايي‌هاي مردوخ شامل شركت "نيوز كورپورشين " دربرگيرنده چندين رسانه گوناگون است كه اخيراً در سال 2007 شركت "داو جونز " نيز با تمام متعلقاتش به اين خانواده گسترده رسانه‌اي پيوسته است. علاوه بر اينها چندين رسانه ديگر در نقاط مختلف دنيا تحت مالكيت اوست كه به بررسي آنها مي‌پردازيم.

*1- نيوز كورپوريشن:
مردوخ رئيس و مدير اجرايي اصلي اين شبكه بزرگ رسانه‌اي محسوب مي‌شود و علاوه بر او يك هيئت مديره، وي را در مديريت بخشهاي گوناگون همراهي مي‌كنند. طبق سايت رسمي اين شركت مجموع دارايي‌هاي آن در مارس 2007 حدود 62 ميليارد دلار و
درآمد سالانه آن حدود 28 ميليارد دلار است. اين شركت داراي 8 بخش اصلي است و فعاليت‌هاي تمام قسمت‌ها شامل اروپا، استراليا، آسيا و اقيانوسيه تحت نظارت دفتر مركزي آن در آمريكا است.

بخشهاي اصلي اين شركت شامل موارد زير و در برگيرنده رسانه‌هاي متعدد است.
- شركت‌هاي فيلمسازي: اين مجموعه شامل 11 شركت فيلمسازي معتبر دنياست كه برخي از موارد ان را ذكر مي‌كنيم.
20th century fox
20th century fox television
Fox stuios austrailia
Fox studios baja
blue sky studios...

-شبكه‌هاي تلويزيوني، اين مجموعه شامل 6 شبكه است كه برخي از آنها عبارتند از
Fox briadcastting com pany
Fastel
Star

- شبكه‌هاي كابلي: اين شبكه شامل 16 شبكه در نقاط مختلف دنياست كه برخي از انها عبارتند از:
Fox movie chanel
Fox news chanel
Fuel tv
Speed

- خبرگزاري‌هاي ماهواره‌اي: شامل 3 خبرگزاري مهم است كه عبارتند از:
Bskyb
Direct tv
Skyitalia

-مجلات: اين مجموعه شامل 8 مجله است كه برخي از آنها عبارتند از :
ALPHA
News amerca marketing
Smart siurce
The weekly standard

- روزنامه‌ها:
مردوخ مالك 28 روزنامه تحت نام شركت‌ "نيوز كورپورشين " در كشورهاي استراليا، انگليس و آمريكاست.
روزنامه‌هاي وي در استراليا شامل "ديلي تلگراف "، "هرالدسان " ، "ساندي ميل "، "ساندي تايمز " ، "استراليا " و ... ، در انگليس شامل "نيوز اينترنشنال " ، "سان " ، "تايمز "، news of world، و ... و در آمريكا شامل "نيويورك پست " است.

- شركتهاي انتشاراتي: اين مجموعه شامل 7 شركت انتشاراتي است كه برخي از آنها عبارتند از:

Harpercollins publishers
Australia
Canada
Children's book

- ساير موارد: از ديگر بخشهاي شركت رسانه‌اي عظيم مردوخ مي‌توان به "myspace "، گروه NDS " و "myspace " كه خود شامل بيش از 25 شبكه خبري، اينترنتي و ... است، اشاره كرد.

*2- داوجونز: شركت "داوجونز " كه از اول آگوست 2007 با مبلغ 5 ميليارد دلار تحت مالكيت مردوخ درآمد، در سال 1882 توسط "چارلز داو "، "ادوارد جونز " و "چارلز برگسترسر " تاسيس شد در سال 1889 اقدام به انتشار روزنامه "وال استريت ژورنال " كرد كه پرفروش‌ترين نشريه اقتصادي جهان به شمار مي‌رود؛ تيراژ كنوني آن بالغ بر 2 ميليون نسخه است.

اين شركت داراي 7 هزار كارمند و چندين گروه رسانه‌اي ديگر است كه برخي از آنها عبارتند از:
- گروه رسانه‌اي بازارهاي مصرفي: اين مجموعه شامل 12 رسانه در نقاط گوناگون دنياست كه برخي از آنها عبارتند از:
* the wall street journal
* the wall street journal europe
* the wall street journal asia
* the wall street journal sunday
* the wall street journal radio network
* Barrons
* Mardet watch

- گروه رسانه‌اي بازرگاني: شامل 6 رسانه است كه برخي از آنها عبارتند از:
* Dow jones newswires
* factiva
* Dow jones finacial
* Information services

*3- ساير رسانه‌هاي مردوخ:
رسانه‌هاي تحت مالكيت رابرت مردوخ بسيار فراتر از موارد ذكر شده در شركت اصلي او يعني "نيوزكور پورشين " است. طبق يك آمار نسبتا دقيق در سايت Ketupa.net مردوخ مالك يا دارنده بخشي بالغ بر 300 رسانه مشهور جهان است. اين رسانه‌ها در طبق گسترده اي شامل: شركت‌هاي انتشاراتي، شبكه‌هاي ماهواره‌اي و تلويزيوني، مجلات، شركت‌هاي فيلمسازي، روزنامه‌ها، راديو، شركت‌هاي چند رسانه‌اي و... است.

سلطه بر اين تعداد رسانه كه با روزنامه كوچك "آدلايد نيوز " در استراليا شروع شد سراسر پهنه گيتي را در برمي‌گيرد.

مردوخ هيچ وقت از سلطه بر رسانه‌هاي كشورهاي ديگر غافل نمانده و حضور او در كشورهاي زير محسوس است:
او در آلمان با خريد 66 درصد از TMS و 24 درصد premiere world ،در فرانسه با خريد 13 درصد tv berizh ، در ايتاليا با skyitalia ، در قاره آسيا با star tv ، در كشورهايي مانند چين، ژاپن و كانادا با ctv sportsnet در هند با چندين كانال كابلي و ماهواره‌اي، در اندونزي با film indonseia و indiovision ،‌ در آمريكاي لاتين با چندين شبكه ماهواره‌اي، در فيجي با 3 روزنامه، در گينه نو با post courier ، در سوئد، دانمارك و هلند با شبكه‌هاي راديويي، در كشورهاي اروپاي شرقي مانند بلغارستان، جمهوري چك ، لهستان، روماني، اوكراين و در نهايت در رژيم صهيونيستي با news autdoor israel تسلط بلامنازعي بر رسانه‌هاي دنيا دارد.

**مردوخ و سياست:

مردوخ با داشتن يك ثروت هنگفت و مالكيت زيادي از رسانه‌ها، مي‌تواند تأثير زيادي بر سياستها و تصميمات سياسي در اكثر نقاط دنيا داشته باشد زيرا امروزه رسانه‌ها در شكل‌دهي سياستها و افكار عمومي نقشي بي بديلي دارند.

*1- استراليا:
مردوخ در استراليا با داشتن چندين رسانه گوناگون از قدرت عظيم خود براي پيشبرد دستور كار سياسي خود و حاميان صهيونيستي‌اش استفاده كرد. در سال 1972 بعد از موافقت "ويتلم " رهبر حزب كارگر استراليا مبني بر اتخاذ يك سياست حامي اسرائيل، انحصار رسانه‌اي مردوخ براي موفقيت تبليغاتي كه "ويتلم " را به قدرت رساند مورد استفاده قرار گرفت. اندكي بعد زماني كه "ويتلم " با خلف وعده و فتح باب مذاكره با اعراب از اعطاي امتياز بهره‌برداري معدن به "هري اوپنهايمر " رئيس شركت عظيم "انگلو- آمريكن " و "كارتل طلا " و "الماس ديبرس " خودداري كرد رسانه مردوخ با استفاده از تبليغاتي موفق "ويتلم " را از قدرت بركنار و "باب هاوك " يكي از طرفداران سرسخت صهيونيسم را جايگزين وي كرد.

*2- انگليس:
مردوخ همزمان با ورود به عرصه رسانه‌هاي انگليسي، توانست در سياست دولت انگليس هم دخالت كند. روزنامه‌هاي مانند "سان " و "تايمز " نقش عمده‌اي در به قدرت رسيدن رهبران و احزاب گوناگون در انگليس داشته‌اند. هنگامي كه در يك نظرسنجي، احتمال موفقيت "نيل كينوك " در انتخابات رهبري حزب كارگر زياد بود، روزنامه "سان " در صفحه اول خودش نوشت: " اگر "كينوك " در انتخابات پيروز شود، انگليس به يك ويرانه تبديل مي‌شود ".
در سال 1997 نيز روزنامه‌هاي مردوخ نقش مهمي در پيروزي "بلر " و حزب كارگر در انتخابات اين كشور داشتند.

اين روزنامه‌ها در آستانه انتخابات، اقدام به افشاي اخبار و اطلاعاتي عليه حزب محافظه كار (رقيب عمده حزب كارگر) كردند كه در تضعيف اين حزب بسيار موثر بود.

مردوخ از رابطه‌اي كه با "بلر " و حزب كارگر داشت اهدافي را دنبال مي‌كرد. "بلر " پس از پيروزي در انتخابات به پاس زحمات وي، با "رومانو پرودي "، نخست وزير وقت ايتاليا تماس گرفت و از وي خواست تا در راستاي توسعه فعاليت‌هاي شركت‌ "نيوز كورپوريشن " متعلق به مردوخ در اروپا تلاش كند.
علاوه بر اين، روزنامه‌هاي مردوخ از "مارگارت تاچر " و "جان ميجر " در مقاطعي به سختي حمايت كردند.

اما رابطه "رابرت مردوخ " با حزب كارگر و "توني بلر " در سال 2003 رو به سردي گذاشت و او به "بلر " خاطر نشان كرد كه بيشتر از اين نمي‌تواند روي اين دوستي حساب كند.

مردوخ مخالفت خود با قانون اساسي اتحاديه اروپا را اعلام كرد و ملاقات‌هايي با "ميشل هوارد " رهبر جديد حزب محافظه كار انگليس انجام داد و از دوستي گرم خود با "هوارد " سخن گفت و سرسختانه از قانون اساسي اتحاديه اروپا انتقاد كرد و آن را مايه نابودي حاكميت اقتصادي انگليس دانست.

با اينكه‌ "توني بلر " يكي از موافقان قانون اساسي اتحاديه اروپا بود اما به دلايلي در سال 2004 اعلام كرد كه اين قانون را به همه‌پرسي مي‌گذارد.

برخي معتقدند كه دليل اتخاذ اين تصميم توسط "بلر "، ملاقات وي با يكي از مديران اجرايي مردوخ به نام "ايروين استلزر " بود كه طي آن به "توني بلر " گفت كه اگر همه‌پرسي انجام نشود، مردوخ مبارزات گسترده‌اي را بر ضد حزب كارگر در انتخابات بعدي انجام خواهد داد. مردوخ بارها اتحاديه اروپا را نيز مورد انتقاد قرار داده است.

"لانس پرايس " كه از سال 1998 تا 2001 به عنوان مشاور رسانه‌اي "توني بلر " فعاليت مي‌كرد درباره رابرت مردوخ مي‌گويد: به نظر مي‌رسد كه او عضو بيست و چهارم كابينه است. صداي او به ندرت به گوش مي‌رسد اما حضور او هميشه احساس مي‌شود.

*3- ايالات متحده آمريكا:
مردوخ با خريد روزنامه "نيويورك پست " در سال 1976 وارد دنياي رسانه‌اي آمريكا شد و پس از آن، چندين رسانه از قبيل تلويزيون، ماهواره، شبكه كابلي، روزنامه و ... را در اختيار خود درآورد.

آمريكا يكي از كشورهايي است كه رسانه‌ها در آن نقش بسيار پررنگي در شكل دهي سياستها و افكار عمومي دارند و مردوخ به خوبي به اين مسئله واقف است. رسانه‌هاي مردوخ در‌ آمريكا از زمان "رونالد ريگان " به بعد به شدت از جمهوريخواهان حمايت مي‌كنند، چنان كه در طول سالهاي 2000 تا 2003 و در جريان آماده شدن براي تهاجم به عراق، تمام روزنامه‌هاي تحت كنترل مردوخ در جهت حمايت از شروع و ادامه جنگ مطلب مي‌نوشتند.

در مارس 2003،‌ مردوخ با پشتيباني از حمله دولت بوش به عراق در كنفرانس جهاني موسسه ميلكن (milken) اذعان داشت: "من فكر مي‌كنم مهم آن است كه جهان به ما احترام بگذارد و اين مهم‌تر از دوست داشتن ماست. وضعيت به سمت بد شدن مي‌رود و اگر شما واقعا مي‌خواهيد در مورد اين مسئله جدي باشيد، بايد همين الان اقدام كنيد. "

در آوريل 2004 مدتي پس از تهاجم نظامي آمريكا به عراق، مردوخ به شدت از سياست دولت آمريكا حمايت كرد و گفت: پيشرفت بسيار خوبي در مسئله عراق وجود دارد، تمام كودكان به مدارس برگشته‌اند و اوضاع زندگي در عراق كاملا مناسب است. جمعيت كوچك "سني " كه از "صدام " پشتيباني مي‌كردند به اميد تروريستهاي بين‌المللي تبديل شده‌اند.

او در نوامبر 2006 و در انتخابات ميان دوره‌اي آمريكا، شمار كشته‌شدگان را كم اهميت و ناچيز جلوه داد و در اين باره گفت: جنگ نيروهاي آمريكايي در عراق به خاطر جلوگيري از درگيريهاي داخلي ميان شهروندان و جلوگيري از كشتار عراقي‌ها به دست يكديگر است.
مردوخ در نشست جهاني اقتصاد در "داووس " سوئيس در پاسخ به اين سوال كه‌ آيا شركت "نيوز كورپورشين " متعلق به رابرا مردوخ به مديريت و شكل‌دهي تبليغات براي حمله به عراق مي‌پرداخت، گفت: من چنين عقيده‌اي ندارم. ما فقط از سياستهاي خاورميانه‌اي بوش حمايت مي‌كرديم.

*4- رژيم صهيونيستي:
مردوخ به عنوان يك صهيونيست، هميشه متوجه اتفاقات و رويدادهاي داخلي و منطقه‌اي اسرائيل و در راستاي صهونيسم بين‌المللي نيز بوده و سعي كرده كه اهداف و راهبردهاي خود را به نحوي در حمايت از سياستهاي اسرائيل اعمال كند. او با "آريل شارون " دوستي خوبي داشت و در هنگام رقابت بين‌ شارون و نتانياهو براي رهبري حزب ليكود در سپتامبر 2005 به شدت از او حمايت كرد و حتي در جريان سفر "شارون " به آمريكا در ژوئن همان سال براي وي ترتيب يك ضيافت شام را داد و به دفاع از ديدگاه‌هاي او پرداخت.

**نتيجه‌گيري:

قدرت رسانه‌ها در شكل‌دادن به سياستها و افكار عمومي در سراسر جهان، يك موضوع انكار‌ناپذير است، از طرف ديگر سلطه صهيونيستها بر رسانه‌ها در تمام نقاط دنيا و مالكيت آنها بر رسانه‌هاي پر تيراژ جهان امري بديهي است.
مردوخ به عنوان يك صهيونيست، كار خود را از يك روزنامه كوچك از استراليا كه از پدرش به ارث برده بود، شروع كرد و روياي بنيان نهادن يك امپراطوري رسانه‌اي در سراسر جهان را پس از طي 5 دهه عينيت بخشيد.

وي نيز مانند ساير يهوديان با نفوذ در مراكز قدرت در دنيا، از ابراز هويت يهودي خويش خودداري كرده و حتي پا را از اين فراتر گذاشته و با حضور در كليساها، خود را يك مسيحي ارتدوكس معرفي مي‌كند.

مردوخ با خريدن روزنامه‌هاي ورشكسته و مديريت آنها و استفاده از حربه‌هاي گوناگون توانست پايه‌هاي امپراطوري رسانه‌اي خود را در استراليا بنيانگذاري كند و پس از چند سال آن را به سمت ماوراي درياها يعني انگليس و سپس آمريكا بكشاند. او حتي در دهه 1990 ميلادي با سفر به ايران درصدد خريد يا ايجاد پايگاهي رسانه‌اي برآمد كه با ناكامي روبرو شد.

او در ابتدا كار خود را روي روزنامه‌ها و مجلات متمركز كرد ولي پس از اينكه به اهميت و نقش رسانه‌هاي (ديداري - شنيداري ) پي برد، بي‌درنگ به اين حوزه قدم گذاشت و امروزه با دارا بودن بيش از 300 رسانه در سراسر جهان، يك امپراطوري رسانه‌اي را تشكيل داده است.

مردوخ از قدرت رسانه‌اي خود براي جهت‌دهي به سياستها و تاثير در افكار عمومي در كشورهاي گوناگون بويژه استراليا، انگليس، آمريكا و ... استفاده‌هاي فراواني كرده است. او با پرداخت‌ كمك‌هاي نقدي به احزاب مورد نظر، در موفقيت آنان سهم بسزايي داشته اما هميشه منافع (اهداف صهيونيستي) براي او از همه مهمتر بوده است.

مردوخ با بهره‌گيري از رسانه‌هاي تحت سلطه خود، نقش زيادي در ترغيب و وارد كردن آمريكا به جنگ با عراق داشت و پس از آغاز جنگ نيز به حمايت سرسختانه خود از اين مسئله ادامه داد و با ناچيز نشان دادن شمار كشته‌شدگان آمريكايي و انتشار تصويري آرام و رويايي از عراق، واقعيتهاي اين بحران را پنهان مي‌كند.

وي با ايجاد امپراطوري رسانه‌اي در نقاط مختلف دنيا با هدف هدايت سياستها و راهبردهاي كشورها و كنترل افكار عمومي دنيا در جهت اهداف و مقاصد صهيونيستي گام برداشته است.


مردوک یا مردوخ یکی از خدایان باستانی تمدن بابل است. در تمدن بابلیان مردوک به عنوان خدای باروری و آفرینش مطرح است. او در دوره حمورابی به‌عنوان محافظ بابل به شمار می‌رفت.

۰۸ شهريور ۱۳۹۰

قاضي "لويسون" قرار است رياست دادگاه را بر عهده داشته و همچنين گفته شده است احتمال دارد ديويد كامرون و ديگر سياستمداران ارشد احتمالا در خصوص داشته رابطه با شركت نيوز اينترنشنال يعني شركت مادر نشريه نيوز آو د ورلد مورد بازجويي قرار گيرند.
قرار است رابرت مردوخ صاحب شركت‌ رسانه‌اي نيوزكورپوريشن كه رسوايي شنود غيرقانوني نشريه وي جنجال فراواني در انگليس به پا كرد، در دادگاه حاضر شود.

به گزارش فارس به نقل از روزنامه انگليسي ديلي تلگراف، "رابرت مردوخ" و "جميز" پسرش قرار است به دليل رسوايي شنود غيرقاوني نشريه "نيوز آو د ورلد" در ماه اكتبر در دادگاه حاضر شوند تا به سوالات درباره اين مسئله جنجال برانگيز پاسخ دهند.

قاضي "لويسون" قرار است رياست دادگاه را بر عهده داشته و همچنين گفته شده است احتمال دارد ديويد كامرون و ديگر سياستمداران ارشد احتمالا در خصوص داشته رابطه با شركت نيوز اينترنشنال يعني شركت مادر نشريه نيوز آو د ورلد مورد بازجويي قرار گيرند.

بر اساس اين گزارش، انتظار مي‌رود قاضي لويسون با پخش زنده روند دادرسي مردوخ و پسرش مخالفتي نداشته باشد.

هفته نامه "نيوز آو د ورلد " كه از 168 سال پيش تا كنون منتشر مي‌شد دو ماه قبل مجبور شد با انتشار آخرين شماره خود به دليل بر ملا شدن رسوايي‌هاي شنود غيرقانوني روزنامه نگاران آن فعاليت خود را متوقف كند.

اين نشريه كه زير مجموعه شركت "نيوز كورپوريشن " متعلق به "رابرت مردوخ " است به دليل بر ملا شدن شنود غيرقانوني در كانون توجه رسانه‌هاي انگليس و جهان قرار گرفت و با تيتر بزرگ "مشتكريم و خدانگهدار " آخرين شماره خود را روي كيوسك مطبوعات به مخاطبان خود ارائه كرد. 
۱۳۹۰/۰۴/۲۴
مردوخ به اتهاماتش پاسخ می دهد/ تحقیق FBI درباره کمپانی"نیوز کورپوریشن"
موافقت "رابرت مردوخ" با حضور در کمیته تحقیق برای پاسخگویی به اتهاماتش درباره شنود مکالمات مردم انگلیس توسط یک نشریه تحت مالکیت خود و آغاز تحقیقات پلیس فدرال آمریکا درباره اقدامات کمپانی رسانه ای مردوخ از جمله آخرین اخبار مربوط به رسوایی اخیر در انگلیس است.
به گزارش خبرگزاری مهر به نقل از شینهوا، همزمان با ادامه پیامدهای رسوایی شنود مکالمات شهروندان انگلیسی از سوی رسانه های "رابرت مرداک" (روپرت مردوخ)، وی و پسرش "جیمز" روز گذشته موافقت خود را برای حضور در کمیته تحقیق پارلمان انگلیس به منظور پاسخگویی به این اتهامات اعلام کردند.
این تصمیم ساعتها پس از آن گرفته شد که کمیته فرهنگ، رسانه و ورزش مجلس عوام انگلیس رسما مردوخ را برای حضور در این کمتیه تحقیق فرا خواند.
انتظار می رود که رابرت مردوخ، جیمز مردوخ رئیس و مدیر اجرایی شرکت رسانه ای نیوز کورپوریشن (نیوز اینترنشنال ) و "ربکا بروکز" مدیر اجرایی شرکت "نیوز اینترنشنال" ساعت 2:30 دقیقه بعد از ظهر روز سه شنبه 19 جولای (28 تیر ماه) مقابل کمیته تحقیق پارلمان انگلیس حاضر شوند.
نیوز اینترنشنال یک کمپانی بزرگ رسانه ای متعلق به مرداک است که نشریات "سان"، "تایمز"، "ساندی تایمز" و "نیوز آو د ورلد" (news of the world) را در بر می گیرد. این کمپانی توسط رابرت مرداک سهامدار اصلی شرکت نیوز کورپوریشن اداره می شود. وی اخیرا نیز درپی آن بود که شبکه ماهواره‌ ای اسکای را تصاحب کند.
 
همچنین روزنامه وال استریت ژورنال روز گذشته در گزارشی نوشت: پلیس فدرال آمریکا (اف بی آی) تحقیقات خود را درباره شنود مکالمات خانواده قربانیان حادثه 11 سپتامبر توسط شرکت نیوز کورپوریشن به مالکیت مردوخ آغاز کرده است.
در این گزارش آمده است: پلیس اف بی آی برای درک این موضوع تلاش می کند که آیا کارمندان شرکت نیوز کورپوریشن به طورغیرقانونی به مکالمات یا صندوق های ورودی تلفن همراه خانواده قربانیان حادثه 11 سپتامبر دسترسی داشتند یا نه.
همچنین پلیس فدرال آمریکا در پی افشای این موضوع است که آیا کارمندان این شرکت انگلیسی به افسران پلیس رشوه پرداخت کرده اند یا نه.

 

















Rupert Murdoch

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Rupert Murdoch

Murdoch at the 2011 Tribeca Film Festival Vanity Fair party
Born Keith Rupert Murdoch
11 March 1931 (1931-03-11) (age 80)
Melbourne, Australia
Nationality United States
Citizenship United States (naturalized 1985)
Occupation Chairman and CEO of
News Corporation
Net worth increaseUS$7.6 billion (2011)[1]
Spouse Patricia Booker (m. 1956–1967) «start: (1956)–end+1: (1968)»"Marriage: Patricia Booker to Rupert Murdoch" Location: (linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch) (divorced)
Anna Maria Torv (m. 1967–1999) «start: (1967)–end+1: (2000)»"Marriage: Anna Maria Torv to Rupert Murdoch" Location: (linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch) (divorced)
Wendi Deng (m. 1999–present) «start: (1999)»"Marriage: Wendi Deng to Rupert Murdoch" Location: (linkback:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch)
Children Prudence Murdoch (b. 1958) [2]
Elisabeth Murdoch (b. 1968) [2]
Lachlan Murdoch (b. 1971)[2]
James Murdoch (b. 1972)[2]
Grace Murdoch (b. 2001) [3]
Chloe Murdoch (b. 2003) [2]
Parents Keith Murdoch (1885–1952)
Elisabeth Joy (née Greene, b. 1909)
Relatives Matthew Freud (son-in-law)
Sarah Murdoch (daughter-in-law)
Awards Companion of the Order of Australia (1984).[4]
Notes
a Australian citizenship lost in 1985 (under S17 of Australian Citizenship Act 1948) with acquisition of US nationality
Keith Rupert Murdoch, AC, KSG (born 11 March 1931) is an Australian American global media baron and the Chairman and CEO of News Corporation, the world's second-largest media conglomerate.[5][6][7][8]
In 1953, Murdoch became managing director of News Limited, inherited from his father.[3][9] He acquired troubled newspapers in Australia and New Zealand during the 1950s and '60s before expanding into the UK in 1969, taking over the News of the World and then the The Sun, which he built into Britain's best selling daily. He moved to New York in 1974 and expanded into the US market, and in 1985 he became a US citizen.[9] In 1981, he bought The Times, his first British broadsheet. In 1986, keen to adopt newer electronic publishing technologies, he consolidated his UK printing operations in Wapping, causing bitter industrial disputes. His News Corporation acquired Twentieth Century Fox (1985), HarperCollins (1989)[10] and The Wall Street Journal (2007). He formed BSkyB in 1990 and during the 1990s expanded into Asian networks and South American television. By 2000 Murdoch's News Corporation owned over 800 companies in more than 50 countries with a net worth of over $5 billion.
In July 2011 Murdoch faced allegations that his companies including the News of the World, owned by News Corporation, had been regularly hacking the phones of private citizens. He also faces police and government investigations into bribery and corruption in the UK and FBI investigations in the US.[11][12]
Murdoch has been listed three times in the Time 100 as among the most influential people in the world. He is ranked 13th most powerful person in the world in the 2010 Forbes' The World's Most Powerful People list.[13] With a personal net worth of US$7.6 billion, he was ranked 117th wealthiest person in the world in March 2011.[1]

Contents

[hide]

Early life

Rupert Murdoch was born in Melbourne, the only son of Sir Keith Murdoch (1885–1952) and Elisabeth Joy (née Greene) (b. 1909). Elisabeth is of English and Scottish ancestry. They were both born in Melbourne. Keith was a renowned war correspondent and later a regional newspaper magnate.[9] He asked for a rendezvous after seeing her debutante photograph in one of his own newspapers and they married in 1928, when she was aged 19 and he 23 years her senior.[14] In addition to Rupert, the couple had three daughters: Janet Calvert-Jones, Anne Kantor and Helen Handbury (1929–2004).
Rupert Murdoch attended the elite Geelong Grammar School,[3] where he had his first experience of editing a publication, being co-editor of the school's official journal The Corian and editor of the student journal If Revived.[15][16] He worked part time at the Melbourne Herald and was groomed by his father from an early age to take over the family business.[3][9] Murdoch read Philosophy, Politics and Economics at Worcester College, Oxford University in England, where he supported the Labour Party.[3] After his father's death from cancer in 1952, Elisabeth Murdoch went on to invest herself in charity work, as life governor of the Royal Women's Hospital in Melbourne and establishing the Murdoch Children's Research Institute. At 102 (in 2011) she has 74 descendants.[14] Rupert Murdoch did an MA before working as a sub-editor with the Daily Express for two years.[9]
Journalist Sir Keith Murdoch (1886–1952), Rupert Murdoch's father.

Activities in Australia and New Zealand

Following his father's death, when he was 21, Murdoch returned from Oxford to take charge of the family business News Limited, which had been established in 1923. Rupert Murdoch turned its newspaper, Adelaide News, its main asset, into a major success.[3] He began to direct his attention to acquisition and expansion, buying the troubled Sunday Times in Perth, Western Australia (1956) and over the next few years acquiring suburban and provincial newspapers in New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria and the Northern Territory, including the Sydney afternoon tabloid, The Daily Mirror (1960). The Economist describes Murdoch as "inventing the modern tabloid",[17] as he developed a pattern for his newspapers, increasing sports and scandal coverage and adopting eye-catching headlines.[9]
Murdoch's first foray outside Australia involved the purchase of a controlling interest in the New Zealand daily The Dominion. In January 1964, while touring New Zealand with friends in a rented Morris Minor after sailing across the Tasman, Murdoch read of a takeover bid for the Wellington paper by the British-based Canadian newspaper magnate, Lord Thomson of Fleet. On the spur of the moment, he launched a counter-bid. A four-way battle for control ensued in which the 32-year-old Murdoch was ultimately successful.[18] Later in 1964, Murdoch launched The Australian, Australia's first national daily newspaper, and its first broadsheet, which was based first in Canberra and later in Sydney.[3][19] In 1972, Murdoch acquired the Sydney morning tabloid The Daily Telegraph from Australian media mogul Sir Frank Packer, who later regreted selling it to him.[20] In 1984, Murdoch was awarded the Companion of the Order of Australia for services to publishing.[21]
In 1999, Murdoch significantly expanded his music holdings in Australia by acquiring the controlling share in a leading Australian independent label, Michael Gudinski's Mushroom Records; he merged that with Festival Records, and the result was Festival Mushroom Records (FMR). Both Festival and FMR were managed by Murdoch's son James Murdoch for several years.[22]

Political activities in Australia

Murdoch found a political ally in John McEwen, leader of the Australian Country Party (now known as the National Party of Australia), who was governing in coalition with the larger Menzies-Holt Liberal Party. From the very first issue of The Australian Murdoch began taking McEwen's side in every issue that divided the long-serving coalition partners. (The Australian, 15 July 1964, first edition, front page: "Strain in Cabinet, Liberal-CP row flares.") It was an issue that threatened to split the coalition government and open the way for the stronger Australian Labor Party to dominate Australian politics. It was the beginning of a long campaign that served McEwen well.[23]
After McEwen and Menzies retired, Murdoch threw his growing power behind the Australian Labor Party under the leadership of Gough Whitlam and duly saw it elected [24] on a social platform that included universal free health care, free education for all Australians to tertiary level, recognition of the People's Republic of China, and public ownership of Australia's oil, gas and mineral resources. Rupert Murdoch's backing of Whitlam turned out to be brief. Murdoch had already started his short-lived National Star[23] newspaper in America, and was seeking to strengthen his political contacts there.[25]
Asked about the Australian federal election, 2007 at News Corporation's annual general meeting in New York on 19 October 2007, its chairman Rupert Murdoch said, "I am not commenting on anything to do with Australian politics. I'm sorry. I always get into trouble when I do that." Pressed as to whether he believed Prime Minister John Howard should be re-elected, he said: "I have nothing further to say. I'm sorry. Read our editorials in the papers. It'll be the journalists who decide that – the editors."[26] In 2009, in response to accusations by Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd that News Limited was running vendettas against him and his government, Murdoch opined that Rudd was "oversensitive" [27] Murdoch described Howard's successor, Labor Party Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, as "...more ambitious to lead the world [in tackling climate change] than to lead Australia..." and criticised Rudd's expansionary fiscal policies in the wake of the financial crisis of 2008 as unnecessary.[28] Although News Limited's interests are extensive, also including the Daily Telegraph, the Courier-Mail and the Adelaide Advertiser, it was suggested by the commentator Mungo MacCallum in The Monthly that "the anti-Rudd push, if coordinated at all, was almost certainly locally driven" as opposed to being directed by Murdoch, who also took a different position from local editors on such matters climate change and stimulus packages to combat the financial crisis.[29]

Activities in Britain

Business activities in Britain

Rupert Murdoch – World Economic Forum Annual Meeting Davos 2007
In 1968 Murdoch entered the UK newspaper market with his acquisition of the populist News of the World, followed in 1969 with the purchase of the struggling daily broadsheet The Sun from IPC.[30] Murdoch turned it into a tabloid format and reduced costs by using the same printing press for both newspapers. In 1997 The Sun attracted 10 million daily readers.[9] In 1981, Murdoch acquired the struggling Times and Sunday Times from Canadian newspaper publisher Lord Thomson of Fleet.[30] Ownership of The Times came to him through his relationship with Lord Thomson, who had grown tired of losing money on it as a result of much industrial action that stopped publication.[31] In the light of success and expansion at The Sun the owners believed that Murdoch could turn the papers around. Harold Evans, Editor of the Sunday Times from 1967, was made head of the daily Times, though he stayed only a year amidst editorial conflict with Murdoch.[32][33]
During the 1980s and early 1990s, Murdoch's publications were generally supportive of Britain's Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher.[34] At the end of the Thatcher/Major era, Murdoch switched his support to the Labour Party and its leader, Tony Blair. The closeness of his relationship with Blair and their secret meetings to discuss national policies was to become a political issue in Britain.[35] Though this later started to change, with The Sun publicly renouncing the ruling Labour government and lending its support to David Cameron's Conservative Party, which soon after came to form a coalition government. Former Prime Minister Gordon Brown's official spokesman said in November 2009 that Brown and Murdoch "were in regular communication" and that "there is nothing unusual in the prime minister talking to Rupert Murdoch".[36]
In 1986, Murdoch introduced electronic production processes to his newspapers in Australia, Britain and the United States. The greater degree of automation led to significant reductions in the number of employees involved in the printing process. In England, the move roused the anger of the print unions, resulting in a long and often violent dispute that played out in Wapping, one of London's docklands areas, where Murdoch had installed the very latest electronic newspaper purpose-built publishing facility in an old warehouse.[37] The bitter dispute at Wapping started with the dismissal of 6,000 employees who had gone on strike and resulted in street battles and demonstrations. Many on the political left in Britain alleged the collusion of Margaret Thatcher's Conservative government with Murdoch in the Wapping affair, as a way of damaging the British trade union movement.[38][39][40] In 1987, the dismissed workers accepted a settlement of £60 million.[9]
Murdoch's British-based satellite network, Sky Television, incurred massive losses in its early years of operation. As with many of his other business interests, Sky was heavily subsidised by the profits generated by his other holdings, but convinced rival satellite operator British Satellite Broadcasting to accept a merger on his terms in 1990.[9] They were quick to see advantages of direct to home (DTH) satellite broadcasting that did not require costly cable networks and the merged company, BSkyB, has dominated the British pay-TV market ever since.[41] By 1996, BSkyB had more than 3.6 million subscribers, triple the number of cable customers in the UK.[9]
In response to print media's decline and the increasing influence of online journalism during the 2000s, Murdoch proclaimed his support of the micropayments model for obtaining revenue from on-line news,[42] although this has been criticised by some.[43]
News Corporation has subsidiaries in the Bahamas, the Cayman Islands, the Channel Islands and the Virgin Islands. From 1986, News Corporation's annual tax bill averaged around seven percent of its profits.[44]

Political activities in Britain

In Britain, in the 1980s, Murdoch formed a close alliance with Margaret Thatcher, and The Sun credited itself with helping John Major to win an unexpected election victory in the 1992 general election.[45] In the general elections of 1997, 2001 and 2005, Murdoch's papers were either neutral or supported Labour under Tony Blair. This has led some critics to argue that Murdoch simply supports the incumbent parties (or those who seem most likely to win an upcoming election) in the hope of influencing government decisions that may affect his businesses. The Labour Party, under Blair, had moved from the Left to a more central position on many economic issues prior to 1997. Murdoch identifies himself as a libertarian, saying "What does libertarian mean? As much individual responsibility as possible, as little government as possible, as few rules as possible. But I'm not saying it should be taken to the absolute limit."[46]
In a speech delivered in New York, Rupert Murdoch said that the British Prime Minister Tony Blair described the BBC coverage of the Hurricane Katrina disaster as being full of hatred of America.[47]
In 1998, Rupert Murdoch failed in his attempt to buy the football club Manchester United F.C.[48] with an offer of £625 million. It was the largest amount ever offered for a sports club. It was blocked by the United Kingdom's Competition Commission, which stated that the acquisition would have "hurt competition in the broadcast industry and the quality of British football".
On 28 June 2006 the BBC reported that Murdoch and News Corporation were flirting with the idea of backing Conservative leader David Cameron at the next General Election.[49] In a later interview in July 2006, when he was asked what he thought of the Conservative leader, Murdoch replied "Not much".[50] In a 2009 blog, it was suggested that in the aftermath of the News of the World phone hacking scandal which is still ongoing in 2011 and might yet have Transatlantic implications[51] Murdoch and News Corporation might have decided to back Cameron.[52] Despite this, there had already been a convergence of interests between the two men over the muting of Britain's communications regulator Ofcom.[53]
In 2006, Britain's Independent newspaper reported that Murdoch would offer Tony Blair a senior role in his global media company News Corporation when the prime minister stood down from office.[54]
He is accused by former Solidarity MSP Tommy Sheridan of having a personal vendetta against him and of conspiring with MI5 to produce a video of him confessing to having affairs – allegations over which Sheridan had previously sued News International and won.[55] On being arrested for perjury following the case, Sheridan claimed that the charges were "orchestrated and influenced by the powerful reach of the Murdoch empire".[56]
In August 2008 British Conservative leader and future Prime Minister David Cameron accepted free flights to hold private talks and attend private parties with Murdoch on his yacht, the Rosehearty.[57] Cameron has declared in the Commons register of interests he accepted a private plane provided by Murdoch's son-in-law, public relations guru Matthew Freud; Cameron has not revealed his talks with Murdoch. The gift of travel in Freud's Gulfstream IV private jet was valued at around £30,000. Other guests attending the "social events" included the then EU trade commissioner Lord Mandelson, the Russian oligarch Oleg Deripaska and co-chairman of NBC Universal Ben Silverman. The Conservatives have not disclosed what was discussed.[58]
In July 2011 it emerged that Cameron met key executives of Murdoch's News Corporation 26 times during the 14 months that Cameron had served as Prime Minister.[59] It was also reported that Murdoch had given Cameron a personal guarantee that there would be no risk attached to hiring Andy Coulson, the former editor of News of the World, as the Conservative Party's communication director in 2007.[60] This was in spite of Coulson having resigned as editor over phone hacking by a reporter. Cameron chose to take Murdoch's advice, despite warnings from Nick Clegg, Lord Ashdown and The Guardian.[61] Coulson resigned his post in 2011 and was later arrested and questioned on allegations of further criminal activity at The News of the World, specifically the News International phone hacking scandal.

News International phone hacking scandal

In July 2011 Rupert Murdoch along with his son James gave testimony before a British parliamentary committee regarding phone hacking. In the U.K his media empire remains under fire as investigators continue to probe reports of other phone hacking.[62]
On 14 July, the Culture, Media and Sport Committee of the House of Commons served a summons on Murdoch, his son James, and his former CEO Rebekah Brooks to testify before a committee on 19 July.[63] After an initial refusal, the Murdochs confirmed they would attend after the committee issued them a summons to Parliament.[64] The day before the committee, the website of the News Corporation publication The Sun was hacked, and a bogus story was posted on the front page claiming that Murdoch had died.[65] Murdoch described the day of the committee "the most humble day of my life". He argued that since he ran a global business of 53,000 employees and that the News of the World was "just 1%" of this, he was not ultimately responsible for what went on at the tabloid. He added that he had not considered resigning,[66] and that he and the other top executives had been completely unaware of the hacking.[67][68]
On 15 July Rupert Murdoch attended a private meeting in London with the family of Milly Dowler, where he personally apologised for the hacking of their murdered daughter's voicemail by a company he owns.[69][70] On 16 and 17 July, News International published two full-page apologies in many of Britain's national newspapers. The first apology took the form of a letter, signed by Rupert Murdoch, in which he said sorry for the "serious wrongdoing" that occurred. The second was titled "Putting right what's gone wrong", and gave more detail about the steps News International was taking to address the public's concerns.[70] In the wake of the allegations Murdoch accepted the resignations of Rebekah Brooks, head of Murdoch's British operations, and Les Hinton, head of The Wall Street Journal who was chairman of Murdoch's British newspaper division when some of the abuses happened. They both deny any knowledge of any wrong-doing under their command.[71]

Activities in the United States

Murdoch made his first acquisition in the United States in 1973, when he purchased the San Antonio Express-News. Soon afterwards, he founded Star, a supermarket tabloid, and in 1976, he purchased the New York Post.[9] On 4 September 1985, Murdoch became a naturalised citizen to satisfy the legal requirement that only US citizens were permitted to own American television stations. This resulted in Murdoch losing his Australian citizenship.[72][73] Also in 1985, Murdoch purchased the 20th Century Fox movie studio.[9]In 1986, Murdoch purchased six television stations owned by Metromedia. These stations would form the nucleus of the Fox Broadcasting Company, founded on 9 October 1986, which would go on to have great success with programmes such as The Simpsons and The X-Files.[9] In 1987 in Australia, he bought The Herald and Weekly Times Ltd, the company that his father had once managed. By 1990 News Corporation had built up debts of $7 billion (much from Sky TV in the UK).[9] forcing Murdoch to sell many of the American magazine interests he had acquired in the mid-1980s. In 1993 took exclusive of the National Football League (NFL) from CBS and increased programming to seven days a week.[74] In 1995, Murdoch's Fox Network became the object of scrutiny from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), when it was alleged that News Ltd.'s Australian base made Murdoch's ownership of Fox illegal. However, the FCC ruled in Murdoch's favour, stating that his ownership of Fox was in the best interests of the public. That same year, Murdoch announced a deal with MCI Communications to develop a major news website and magazine, The Weekly Standard. Also that year, News Corporation launched the Foxtel pay television network in Australia in partnership with Telstra. In 1996, Murdoch decided to enter the cable news market with the Fox News Channel, a 24-hour cable news station. Ratings studies released in 2009 showed that the network was responsible for nine of the top ten programs in the "Cable News" category at that time.[75] Rupert Murdoch and Ted Turner (founder and former owner of CNN) are long-standing rivals.[76] In late 2003, Murdoch acquired a 34 percent stake in Hughes Electronics, the operator of the largest American satellite TV system, DirecTV, from General Motors for $6 billion (USD).[21] His Fox movie studio would go on to have global hits with Titanic and Avatar.[77]
In 2004, Murdoch announced that he was moving News Corporation headquarters from Adelaide, Australia to the United States. Choosing a US domicile was designed to ensure that American fund managers could purchase shares in the company, since many were deciding not to buy shares in non-US companies. Some analysts believed that News Corporation's Australian domicile was leading to the company being undervalued compared with its peers.
News Corporation logo
On 20 July 2005, News Corporation bought Intermix Media Inc., which held Myspace, Imagine Games Network and other social networking-themed websites, for $580 million USD, making Murdoch a major in online media concerns.[78] In June 2011, it sold off Myspace for US$35 million.[79] On 11 September 2005, News Corporation announced that it would buy IGN Entertainment for $650 million (USD).[80]
In May 2007, Murdoch made a $5 billion offer to purchase Dow Jones. At the time, the Bancroft family, who had owned the Dow Jones for 105 years and controlled 64% of the shares at the time, firmly declined the offer, opposing Murdoch's much-used strategy of slashing employee numbers and gutting existing systems. Later, the Bancroft family confirmed a willingness to consider a sale. Besides Murdoch, the Associated Press reported that supermarket magnate Ron Burkle and Internet entrepreneur Brad Greenspan were among the other interested parties.[81] In 2007, Murdoch had acquired Dow Jones,[82][83] an acquisition which gave Murdoch such publications as The Wall Street Journal, Barron's Magazine, the Far Eastern Economic Review (based in Hong Kong) and SmartMoney.[84]

Support for American politicians and political positions

McNight (2010) identifies four characteristics of his media operations: free market ideology; unified positions on matters of public policy; global editorial meetings; and opposition to a perceived liberal bias in other public media.[85]
On 8 May 2006, the Financial Times reported that Murdoch would be hosting a fund-raiser for Senator Hillary Clinton's (D-New York) Senate re-election campaign.[86] In a 2008 interview with Walt Mossberg, Murdoch was asked whether he had "anything to do with the New York Post's endorsement of Barack Obama in the democratic primaries." Without hesitating, Murdoch replied, "Yeah. He is a rock star. It's fantastic. I love what he is saying about education. I don't think he will win Florida... but he will win in Ohio and the election. I am anxious to meet him. I want to see if he will walk the walk."[87][88] Murdoch is a strong supporter of Israel and its domestic policies.[89]
In 2010 News Corporation gave $1 million to the Republican Governors Association and $1 million to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce.[90][91][92]
Murdoch also served on the board of directors of the libertarian Cato Institute.[93]

Italy

Murdoch owns controlling interest in Sky Italia, a satellite television provider in Italy.[94] Murdoch's business interest in Italy have been a source contention since they began.ref Name="BW"/> In 2010 Murdoch won a media dispute with Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. A judge ruled the Italian Prime Minister's media arm Mediaset prevented News Corporation's Italian unit, Sky Italia, from buying advertisements on its television networks.[95]

Expansion in Asia

In 1993, Murdoch acquired Star TV, a Hong Kong company founded by Richard Li[96] for $1 billion (Souchou, 2000:28), and subsequently set up offices for it throughout Asia. The deal enables News International to broadcast from Hong Kong to India, China, Japan and over thirty other countries in Asia, becoming one of the biggest satellite TV networks in the east.[9]However, the deal did not work out as Murdoch had planned, because the Chinese government placed restrictions on it that prevented it from reaching most of China.

Family

Marriages

Murdoch with his third wife, Wendi, in 2011
In 1956 Murdoch married Patricia Booker, a former shop assistant and flight attendant from Melbourne and they had their first child, Prudence, in 1958.[97][98] Rupert and Patricia Murdoch divorced in 1967.[2] In 1967 Murdoch married Anna Torv,[97] a Scottish-born cadet journalist working for his Sydney newspaper The Daily Telegraph (not to be mistaken for the actress Anna Torv of Fringe who is the elder Torv's niece).[2] During his marriage to Torv, a Roman Catholic, Murdoch was awarded the KSG, a papal honour. Torv and Murdoch had three children: Elisabeth Murdoch (born in Sydney, Australia on 22 August 1968), Lachlan Murdoch (born in London, UK on 8 September 1971), and James Murdoch, (born in London on 13 December 1972).[97][98] Murdoch's companies published two novels by his then wife: Family Business (1988) and Coming to Terms (1991), both widely regarded[99] as vanity publications. They divorced in June 1999. Anna Murdoch received a settlement of US$ 1.2 billion in assets.[100]
On 25 June 1999, 17 days after divorcing his second wife, Murdoch, then aged 68, married Chinese-born Deng Wendi (Wendi Deng).[101] She was 30, a recent Yale School of Management graduate, and a newly appointed vice-president of his STAR TV. Murdoch has two children with her.

Murdoch's children and their business interests

Murdoch has six children.[102] His eldest child Prudence MacLeod was appointed, on 28 January 2011, to the board of Times Newspapers Ltd, part of News International, which publishes The Times and The Sunday Times.[103] Murdoch's eldest son Lachlan, formerly the deputy chief operating officer at the News Corporation and the publisher of the New York Post, was Murdoch's heir apparent before resigning from his executive posts at the global media company at the end of July 2005.[102] Lachlan's departure left James Murdoch chief executive of the satellite television service British Sky Broadcasting since November 2003, as the only Murdoch son still directly involved with the company's operations, though Lachlan has agreed to remain on the News Corporation's board.[104]
After graduating from Vassar College[105] and marrying classmate Elkin Kwesi Pianim (the son of Ghanaian financial and political mogul Kwame Pianim) in 1993,[105] Murdoch's daughter Elisabeth, along with her husband, purchased a pair of NBC-affiliate television stations in California, KSBW and KSBY, with a $35 million loan provided by her father. By quickly re-organising and re-selling them at a $12 million profit in 1995, Elisabeth emerged as an unexpected rival to her brothers for the eventual leadership of the publishing dynasty's empire. But after divorcing her first husband in 1998 and quarrelling publicly with her assigned mentor Sam Chisholm at BSkyB, she struck out on her own as a television and film producer in London. She has since enjoyed independent success, in conjunction with her second husband, Matthew Freud, the great-grandson of Sigmund Freud (the founder of psychoanalysis) whom she met in 1997 and married in 2001.[105]
It is not known how long Murdoch will remain as News Corporation's CEO. For a while the American cable television entrepreneur John Malone was the second-largest voting shareholder in News Corporation after Murdoch himself, potentially undermining the family's control. In 2007, the company announced that it would sell certain assets and give cash to Malone's company in exchange for its stock. In 2007, the company issued Murdoch's older children voting stock.[citation needed]
Rupert Murdoch has two children with Wendi Deng: Grace (b. New York, 19 November 2001) [3] and Chloe (b. New York, 17 July 2003).[2] [98] There is reported to be tension between Murdoch and his oldest children over the terms of a trust holding the family's 28.5 percent stake in News Corporation, estimated in 2005 to be worth about $6.1 billion. Under the trust, his children by Wendi Deng share in the proceeds of the stock but have no voting privileges or control of the stock. Voting rights in the stock are divided 50/50 between Murdoch on the one side and his children of his first two marriages. Murdoch's voting privileges are not transferable but will expire upon his death and the stock will then be controlled solely by his children from the prior marriages, although their half-siblings will continue to derive their share of income from it. It is Murdoch's stated desire to have his children by Deng given a measure of control over the stock proportional to their financial interest in it (which would mean, if Murdoch dies while at least one of the children is a minor, that Deng would exercise that control). It does not appear that he has any strong legal grounds to contest the present arrangement, and both ex-wife Anna and their three children are said to be strongly resistant to any such change.[106]

Portrayal on television, in film, books and music

Rupert Murdoch and rival newspaper and publishing magnate Robert Maxwell are thinly fictionalised as "Keith Townsend" and "Richard Armstrong" in The Fourth Estate by British novelist and former MP Jeffrey Archer.[107]
Rupert Murdoch has been portrayed by Barry Humphries in the 1991 mini-series Selling Hitler, Hugh Laurie in a parody of It's a Wonderful Life in the television show A Bit of Fry & Laurie, Ben Mendelsohn in the film Black and White, Paul Elder in The Late Shift and by himself on The Simpsons first in "Sunday, Cruddy Sunday" and most recently in "Judge Me Tender".
It has been speculated that the character of Elliot Carver, the global media magnate and main villain in the 1997 James Bond movie Tomorrow Never Dies, is based on Rupert Murdoch. The writer of the film, Bruce Feirstein, has stated that Carver was actually inspired by British press magnate Robert Maxwell, who was one of Murdoch's rivals.[108] Since both Rupert Murdoch and Robert Maxwell had the same initials they were often confused by the public. This confusion was exploited by the writers of the British situation comedy 'Drop the Dead Donkey' which was set in a TV newsroom who chose to name the fictional proprietor Sir Roysten Merchant (initials RM). The writers state on their DVD commentares that it was "fortunate" for them that the two men shared the same initials.
In the 1997 film Fierce Creatures, the head of Octopus Inc. Rod McCain (initials R.M.) character is likely modeled after Rupert Murdoch.[109]
In 1999, the Ted Turner owned TBS aired an original sitcom, The Chimp Channel. This featured an all-simian cast and the role of an Australian TV veteran named Harry Waller. The character is described as "a self-made gazillionaire with business interests in all sorts of fields. He owns newspapers, hotel chains, sports franchises and genetic technologies, as well as everyone's favorite cable TV channel, The Chimp Channel." Waller is thought to be a parody of Murdoch, a long-time rival of Turner's.[110]
In 2004, the movie Outfoxed included many interviews accusing Fox News of pressuring reporters to report only one side of news stories, in order to influence viewers' political opinions.[111]

Remuneration and wealth

According to the 2011 list of Forbes richest Americans, Murdoch is the 38th richest person in the US and the 117th-richest person in the world, with a net worth of $7.6 billion.[1]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Rupert Murdoch profile", Forbes, http://www.forbes.com/profile/rupert-murdoch, retrieved September 2010 .
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h "Rupert Murdoch and His Family". International Business Times. 9 July 2011. http://www.ibtimes.com/articles/177013/20110709/rupert-murdoch-james-murdoc-news-corp.htm. Retrieved 24 July 2011. 
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Walker, Andrew (31 July 2002). "Rupert Murdoch: Bigger than Kane". British Broadcasting Corporation. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2162658.stm. Retrieved 27 December 2009. 
  4. ^ "Honours". The Government. http://www.itsanhonour.gov.au/honours/honour_roll/search.cfm?aus_award_id=883065&search_type=advanced&showInd=true. Retrieved 27 February 2010. "AC AD84. For service to the media, particularly the newspaper publishing industry" 
  5. ^ "Fortune". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/global500/2009/industries/145/index.html. Retrieved 20 May 2010. 
  6. ^ "PowerPoint Presentation" (PDF). http://www.viacom.com/investorrelations/Investor_Relations_Docs/Q407%20Web%20Deck%20FINAL.pdf. Retrieved 11 July 2011. 
  7. ^ Siklos, Richard (9 February 2009). "Why Disney wants DreamWorks". CNN. http://money.cnn.com/2009/02/09/news/companies/disney_dreamworks.fortune/?postversion=2009020914. Retrieved 20 May 2010. 
  8. ^ "News Corporation – Annual Report 2007". Newscorp.com. 30 June 2007. http://www.newscorp.com/Report2007/AnnualReport2007/HTML2/news_corp_ar2007_0069.htm. Retrieved 11 July 2011. 
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o The encyclopedia of the history of American management (2005) Morgen Witzel Continuum International Publishing Group p393 ISBN 9781843711315
  10. ^ "Rupert Murdoch faces authors' revolt". BBC. 1 March 1998. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/analysis/61122.stm. Retrieved 24 July 2011. 
  11. ^ "Phone hacking: David Cameron announces terms of phone-hacking inquiry". The Telegraph. 13 July 2011. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/phone-hacking/8634757/Phone-hacking-David-Cameron-announces-terms-of-phone-hacking-inquiry.html. Retrieved 13 July 2011. 
  12. ^ "FBI to investigate News Corporation over 9/11 hacking allegations" 14 July 2011 The Guardian
  13. ^ The World's Most Powerful People, Forbes.
  14. ^ a b "If only Rupert Murdoch would listen to his mother" 20 July 2011 Guardian
  15. ^ The Corian LXXIV (1): 6. May 1948. 
  16. ^ The Corian LXXVII (1): 23. May 1950. 
  17. ^ "Last of the moguls". The Economist. http://www.economist.com/node/18988526?story_id=18988526. Retrieved 21 July 2011. 
  18. ^ "Profile: Rupert Murdoch" The Scotsman  14 July 2011
  19. ^ "Welcome antidote to News' limited and self-serving spin", The Age, AU, 28 January 2009, http://www.theage.com.au/business/welcome-antidote-to-news-limited-and-selfserving-spin-20090127-7r0g.html .
  20. ^ Dr Engledow, Sarah. "Vintage Cassab". Magazine of Australian and International Portraiture. National Portrait Gallery, Australia. December 2006 – February 2007. http://www.portrait.gov.au/magazine/article.php?articleID=178&author=14. Retrieved 24 July 2011. 
  21. ^ a b Rupert Murdoch: News Corporation Magnate (2011) Sue Vander Hook. ABDO Publishing ISBN 1617147826 p88
  22. ^ Sydney Morning Herald "A long way to the bottom" 9 November 2005
  23. ^ a b Don Garden, Theodor Fink: A Talent for Ubiquity (Melbourne University Press 1998)
  24. ^ "A man of selfish loyalties: Rupert Murdoch's apparent overture to Tony Blair strikes a chilling chord among Australian politicians he has supported". The Independent. 14 August 1994. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/a-man-of-selfish-loyalties-rupert-murdochs-apparent-overture-to-tony-blair-strikes-a-chilling-chord-among-australian-politicians-he-has-supported-1376362.html. Retrieved 24 July 2011. 
  25. ^ Shawcross, (1987) pp. 30–39
  26. ^ Michael Roland, Murdoch tight-lipped on election, ABC News Online, published 20 October 2007
  27. ^ 7 November 2009 12:00 am (7 November 2009). "Rudd too sensitive for own good: Murdoch". The Australian. http://www.theaustralian.com.au/rudd-too-sensitive-for-own-good-murdoch/story-e6frg8zx-1225795200045. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  28. ^ "Rudd too sensitive to criticism: Murdoch". Brisbane Times. 7 November 2009. http://news.brisbanetimes.com.au/breaking-news-national/rudd-too-sensitive-to-criticism-murdoch-20091107-i2oo.html. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  29. ^ Mungo MacCallum (September 2009). "Comment: Rudd and the Murdoch Press". The Monthly: pp. 8–11. http://www.themonthly.com.au/nation-reviewed-mungo-maccallum-comment-rudd-and-murdoch-press-1945. Retrieved 23 July 2011. 
  30. ^ a b "Rupert Murdoch — a lifetime of deals", Guardian, 18 July 2007, http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/jul/18/citynews.pressandpublishing .
  31. ^ Harold Evans, Good Times, Bad Times, 1983
  32. ^ "Journalist legend calls it a day" BBC 22 October 1999
  33. ^ "[Murdoch] guaranteed that editors would have control of the political policy of their newspapers ... that the editors would not be subject to instruction from the proprietor on selection and balance of news and opinion ... that instructions to journalists would be given only by their editor". Harold Evans Good Times, Bad Times. 1984
  34. ^ Page (2003) p. 3, pp. 253–419
  35. ^ Hinsliff, Gaby (23 July 2006). "The PM, the mogul and the secret agenda". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2006/jul/23/newscorporation.rupertmurdoch. Retrieved 10 April 2010. 
  36. ^ Mulholland, Hélène (12 November 2009). "Gordon Brown spoke to Rupert Murdoch after misspelling row". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2009/nov/12/gordon-brown-rupert-murdoch-misspelling. 
  37. ^ Page (2003), pp. 368–93
  38. ^ "Fortress Wapping: A history", The Guardian, UK, 12 October 2004, http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2004/oct/12/rupertmurdoch.citynews1?INTCMP=SRCH .
  39. ^ Rt. Hon. Tony Benn cited in Hansard, 8 May 1986. 'The mounted police advanced out of the plant exactly as the tactical options manual says that they should. They ran into the crowd. They were covered by riot police who did several things. First they ran indiscriminately into the crowd and battered people who had had nothing whatsoever to do with any stones that might have been thrown... They surrounded the bus that was acting as an ambulance. One man had a heart attack and I appealed over the loudspeaker for the police to withdraw to allow an ambulance to come. None was allowed for 30 minutes. When the man was put on a trestle a police horse jostled it and the man nearly fell off as he was carried out to the ambulance. The police surrounded the park where the meeting took place. They surrounded the area so that people could not escape.'
  40. ^ Murdoch protests come full circle 25 years on, UK: Reuters, 8 July 2011, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/07/08/uk-newscorp-wapping-idUKTRE7675GM20110708 .
  41. ^ Submission to the ITC on competition issues arising from the award of digital terrestrial television multiplex licences, UK: OFTEL, http://www.ofcom.org.uk/static/archive/oftel/ind_info/broadcasting/dtt.htm, "The OFT has already found BSkyB to be dominant in the wholesale market for premium programming content (particularly certain sports and movie rights). BSkyB also currently controls the satellite network for direct to the home (DTH) pay television in the UK. Given its control of premium programming content, it also controls a vital input into the cable companies transmission and programme activities" .
  42. ^ Clark, Andrew (7 May 2009). "News Corp will charge for newspaper websites, says Rupert Murdoch". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2009/may/07/rupert-murdoch-charging-websites. Retrieved 10 April 2010. 
  43. ^ Shirky, Clay (13 March 2009). "Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable". Shirky.com. http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable/. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  44. ^ Chenoweth (2001) pp. 300–303, 87–90, 177
  45. ^ Douglas, Torin (14 September 2004). "Forty years of The Sun". News (BBC). http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/3654446.stm. Retrieved 10 April 2010. 
  46. ^ Shawcross, William (3 November 1999). "Rupert Murdoch". Time. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,33716-1,00.html. Retrieved 29 August 2010. 
  47. ^ "Blair 'attacked BBC over Katrina'". News (BBC). 18 September 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/4257190.stm. Retrieved 29 August 2010. 
  48. ^ "Murdoch's Man Utd bid blocked", The Independent, UK, 10 April 1999, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/murdochs-man-utd-bid-blocked-1086123.html .
  49. ^ "Murdoch flirts with Conservatives". News (BBC). 28 June 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5127284.stm. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  50. ^ Wapshott, Nicholas (23 July 2006). "The world according to Rupert". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/the-world-according-to-rupert-408937.html. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  51. ^ "Rupert Murdoch: Could his US empire be affected?", News, BBC, 12 July 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-14111966 .
  52. ^ "Rupert Murdoch to back David Cameron at next general election". The Daily Telegraph (UK). 10 July 2009. http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/christopherhope/100002849/rupert-murdoch-to-back-david-cameron-at-next-general-election-exclusive/. Retrieved 10 April 2010. 
  53. ^ "Paying tribute to Murdoch: Cameron promises the end of Ofcom "as we know it"". Media Money. Press Gazette. 6 July 2009. http://blogs.pressgazette.co.uk/mediamoney/2009/07/06/paying-tribute-to-murdoch-cameron-promises-the-end-of-ofcom-as-we-know-it/. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  54. ^ Grice, Andrew (29 July 2006). "Murdoch set to back Blair – for a place in his boardroom". The Independent (London). http://news.independent.co.uk/media/article1202848.ece. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  55. ^ "Sheridan claims to be 'victim of MI5 plot'". The Scotsman. UK. http://news.scotsman.com/ViewArticle.aspx?articleid=2815752. Retrieved 25 April 2010. [dead link]
  56. ^ Sengupta, Kim (17 December 2007). "Tommy Sheridan charged with perjury". The Independent (London). http://news.independent.co.uk/uk/crime/article3258014.ece. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  57. ^ Grice, Andrew (24 October 2008). "Cameron, Murdoch and a Greek island freebie". The Independent (London). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/cameron-murdoch-and-a-greek-island-freebie-971470.html. Retrieved 25 October 2008. 
  58. ^ Hencke, David (25 October 2008). "Tories try to play down Aegean dinner". The Guardian (London). http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/oct/25/david-cameron-rupert-murdoch-meeting. Retrieved 25 October 2008. 
  59. ^ "Records Show Britain's Cameron Kept Close Ties to Murdoch Officials", VOA News, 16 July 2011, http://www.voanews.com/english/news/europe/Rupert-Murdoch-Apologizes-to-Phone-Hacking-Victims-125682133.html .
  60. ^ "The Battle of Wapping, Mk II – Press, Media". The Independent (UK). http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/press/the-battle-of-wapping-mk-ii-2310041.html. Retrieved 12 July 2011. 
  61. ^ Toby Helm and Daniel Boffey. "Phone hacking: I warned No 10 over Coulson appointment, says Ashdown". The Guardian. UK. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/2011/jul/09/phone-hacking-andy-coulson-paddy-ashdown. Retrieved 12 July 2011. 
  62. ^ CC Murdoch pie thrower reportedly blogging from prison, CNN, August 16th, 2011
  63. ^ "News Corp.’s Murdoch Faces Six U.K. Inquiries as Parliament Seeks Hearing". Bloomberg. 13 Jul 2011. http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-07-12/news-corp-s-murdoch-faces-six-u-k-inquiries-as-parliament-seeks-hearing.html. Retrieved 24 July 2011. 
  64. ^ Phone hacking: Murdochs agree to appear before MPs. BBC, 14 July 2011, retrieved 18 July 2011.
  65. ^ Rovzar, Chris (18 July 2011). "Website of Murdoch’s Sun Hacked". New York Magazine. New York Media Holdings (New York City). Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. http://www.webcitation.org/60HMbQTWj. Retrieved 18 July 2011. 
  66. ^ "Phone hacking: 'Humbled' Murdoch rejects blame". BBC News. 19 July 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-14195259. Retrieved 19 July 2011. 
  67. ^ "Murdochs, Brooks, Police testify in phone-hacking scandal". CNN. 19 July 2011. http://news.blogs.cnn.com/2011/07/19/live-blog-police-murdoch-brooks-to-testify-in-phone-hacking-scandal/. Retrieved 19 July 2011. 
  68. ^ "Murdochs Say Top Executives Didn't Know of Phone Hacking". The New York Times. 19 July 2011. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/20/world/europe/20hacking.html. Retrieved 19 July 2011. 
  69. ^ "Rupert Murdoch 'sorry' in newspaper adverts". BBC News. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-14170756. Retrieved 16 July 2011. 
  70. ^ a b "Rupert Murdoch's public acts of contrition" The Guardian 16 July 2011
  71. ^ "Wall Street Journal publisher resigns". Herald Tribune 15 July 2011
  72. ^ Given, Jock (December 2002). "Foreign Ownership of Media and Telecommunications: an Australian story" (PDF). Media & Arts Law Review 7 (4): 253. http://www.law.unimelb.edu.au/cmcl/malr/7-4-1%20Foreign%20Ownership%20Formatted%20for%20web.pdf. 
  73. ^ "The World's Billionaires No.73 Rupert Murdoch". Forbes. 7 October 2007. http://www.forbes.com/lists/2007/10/07billionaires_Rupert-Murdoch_639W.html. Retrieved 8 October 2009. 
  74. ^ Rupert Murdoch: News Corporation Magnate (2011) Sue Vander Hook. ABDO Publishing ISBN 1617147826 pp78-9
  75. ^ "Fox News Claims 9 Of Top 10 Cable News Programs In Q1" 1 April 2009 Huffington Post
  76. ^ "Turner: Murdoch is a 'warmonger'"'. Guardian 25 April 2003
  77. ^ Rupert Murdoch: News Corporation Magnate (2011) Sue Vander Hook. ABDO Publishing ISBN 1617147826 p93
  78. ^ "News Corp in $580m internet buy". News (BBC). 19 July 2005. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4695495.stm. Retrieved 29 August 2010. 
  79. ^ Fixmer, Andy, "News Corp. Calls Quits on Myspace With Specific Media Sale", Business Week, 29 June 2011
  80. ^ "News Corp. Acquires IGN for $650 Million". BusinessWeek. 11 September 2005. http://www.businessweek.com/innovate/content/sep2005/id20050911_550700.htm. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  81. ^ "Burkle, Web Exec Might Team on Dow" USA Today
  82. ^ Litterick, David (1 August 2007). "Report of acquisition". The Daily Telegraph (London). http://www.telegraph.co.uk/money/main.jhtml?xml=/money/2007/08/01/bcndow101.xml. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  83. ^ Day to Day. "Marketplace Report: Murdoch's Big Buy". NPR. http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12421598. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  84. ^ Rupert Murdoch: News Corporation Magnate (2011) Sue Vander Hook. ABDO Publishing ISBN 1617147826 p92
  85. ^ McKnight, David (Sept 2010), "Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation: A Media Institution with A Mission", 'Historical Journal of Film, Radio & Television, 30, pp. 303–16 .
  86. ^ "Murdoch to host fundraiser for Hillary Clinton". Financial Times. 8 May 2006. http://www.ft.com/cms/s/61faabde-deb8-11da-acee-0000779e2340.html. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  87. ^ Sullivan, Andrew (29 May 2008). "The Daily Dish". The Atlantic. http://andrewsullivan.theatlantic.com/the_daily_dish/2008/05/murdoch-on-mcca.html. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  88. ^ Rosen, Hilary. "Rupert Murdoch Says Obama Will Win". Huffington Post. USA. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/hilary-rosen/rupert-murdoch-says-obama_b_104018.html. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  89. ^ 11 December 2007 "The Murdochs and the Middle East" The Spectator.
  90. ^ Rutenberg, Jim (1 October 2010). "News Corp. Donates $1 million to U.S. Chamber of Commerce". The New York Times. http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/10/01/news-corp-donates-1-million-to-anti-democrat-group. Retrieved 10 October 2010. 
  91. ^ "Rupert Murdoch's News Corp. donates $1M to U.S. Chamber of Commerce". The Plain Dealer. Cleveland.com. 2 October 2010. http://www.cleveland.com/nation/index.ssf/2010/10/rupert_murdochs_news_corp_dona.html. Retrieved 10 October 2010. 
  92. ^ "Murdoch says Kasich friendship influenced $1 million donation". News. Yahoo!. 7 October 2010. http://news.yahoo.com/s/yblog_upshot/20101007/el_yblog_upshot/murdoch-says-kasich-friendship-influenced-1-mil-donation. Retrieved 11 October 2010. 
  93. ^ "Murdoch Joins Board of Directors", Policy report, Cato, http://www.cato.org/pubs/policy_report/cpr-19n6-10.html/ .
  94. ^ Business Week
  95. ^ Business, UK: BBC, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/8327072.stmtext [dead link]
  96. ^ "Star TV Extends Murdoch's Reach", The New York Times, 23 August 1993, http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/23/business/the-media-business-star-tv-extends-murdoch-s-reach.html .
  97. ^ a b c "How safe is the Murdoch empire?", The Irish Examiner, 9 July 2011, http://www.examiner.ie/business/business-features/how-safe-is-the-murdoch-empire-160545.html .
  98. ^ a b c "So where does Rupert Murdoch go from here?", UK: The Independent, 31 July 2005, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/media/so-where-does-rupert-murdoch-go-from-here-500802.html .
  99. ^ "Murdoch's companies published two novels by his then wife: Family Business (1988) and Coming to Terms (1991); both are widely regarded as vanity publications". WN.com. http://wn.com/Queensland_Department_of_Primary_Industries. Retrieved 12 July 2011. 
  100. ^ "The Boy Who Wouldn't Be King". NY Mag. 19 September 2005. http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/14302/index6.html. Retrieved 25 April 2010. 
  101. ^ "Murdoch's Heir Apparent Abruptly Resigns His Post", LA Times, 30 July 2005, http://articles.latimes.com/2005/jul/30/business/fi-murdoch30 .
  102. ^ a b "Phone hacking: Rupert Murdoch's media empire explodes", Daily Telegraph, UK: The Telegraph, 16 Jul 2011, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/phone-hacking/8641599/Phone-hacking-Rupert-Murdochs-media-empire-explodes.html .
  103. ^ "Another Murdoch joins the Time.". The Guardian. 2 March 2011. http://www.guardian.co.uk/media/greenslade/2011/mar/02/rupert-murdoch-thetimes. Retrieved 24 July 2011. 
  104. ^ "The sadness of Rupert Murdoch", The Economist, 4 August 2005, http://www.economist.com/node/4255447 .
  105. ^ a b c "Inside the court of London's golden couple", The Guardian, UK, 13 November 2008, http://www.guardian.co.uk/politics/2008/nov/13/elisabeth-murdoch-matthew-freud-politics .
  106. ^ "Wife and Ex-Wife Now Shape News Corp.'s Fate", New York Times, 2 August 2005, http://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/02/business/media/02murdoch.html 
  107. ^ "Maxwell vs Murdoch — the untold story", The Independent, UK, 11 May 1996, http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/maxwell-vs-murdoch--the-untold-story-1346669.html .
  108. ^ Feirstein, Bruce (29 January 2008). "Bruce Feirstein: The Tao of Bond-Film Naming". Vanity Fair. http://www.vanityfair.com/online/daily/2008/01/bruce-feirste-2.html. 
  109. ^ MATHEWS, Jack (24 January 1997), Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/1997-01-24/entertainment/ca-23063_1_fierce-creatures, retrieved 2 August 2011 .
  110. ^ Lucas, Michael P (1 June 1999), Los Angeles Times, http://articles.latimes.com/1999/jun/01/entertainment/ca-42906/2, retrieved 8 April 2010 .
  111. ^ Memmott, Mark (12 July 2004). "Another film joins the political debate today when Outfoxed: Rupert Murdoch's War on Journalism is unveiled in New York". USA Today. http://www.usatoday.com/news/politicselections/2004-07-11-outfoxed_x.htm. Retrieved 12 July 2011. "'Outfoxed' accuses Fox of slanting the news. Outfoxed, which is being promoted by the liberal advocacy group MoveOn, charges that Fox News executives order their cable TV anchors, reporters and producers to slant the news to be pro-Republican and pro-Bush administration" 

References

  • Chenoweth, Neil (2001). Rupert Murdoch, the untold story of the world's greatest media wizard. New York: Random House. 
  • Dover, Bruce. Rupert's Adventures in China: How Murdoch Lost A Fortune And Found A Wife (Mainstream Publishing).
  • Ellison, Sarah. War at the Wall Street Journal: Inside the Struggle To Control an American Business Empire, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. ISBN 9780547152431 (Also published as: War at The Wall Street Journal: How Rupert Murdoch Bought an American Icon, Melbourne, Text Publishing, 2010.)
  • Evans, Harold. Good Times, Bad Times, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983
  • Harcourt, Alison (2006). European Union Institutions and the Regulation of Media Markets. London, New York: Manchester University Press. ISBN 0719066441. 
  • McKnight, David. "Rupert Murdoch's News Corporation: A Media Institution with A Mission," Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television, Sept 2010, Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp 303–316
  • Page, Bruce (2003). The Murdoch Archipelago. Simon and Schuster UK. 
  • Shawcross, William (1997). Murdoch: the making of a media empire. New York: Simon and Schuster. 
  • Souchou, Yao (2000). House of Glass – Culture, Modernity, and the State in Southeast Asia. Bangkok: White Lotus.

هیچ نظری موجود نیست:

ارسال یک نظر